Request one specific the metabolite information in HMDB
request_lipidbank_lipid_class(
url = "https://lipidbank.jp/",
lipid_class = c("All data", "Acylglycerol", "Bile Acid", "Fatty acid",
"Long chain alcohol", "Long chain aldehyde", "Long chain base and Ceramide",
"Eicosanoid", "Ether type lipid", "Carotenoid", "Coenzyme Q", "Vitamin A",
"Vitamin D", "Vitamin E", "Vitamin F", "Vitamin K", "Glycosphingolipid",
"Glycoglycerolipid and others", "Isoprenoid", "Lipid peroxide", "Lipoamino acid",
"Lipopolysaccharide", "Lipoprotein", "Mycolic acid", "Glycerophospholipid",
"Sphingophospholipid", "Steroid", "Wax")
)Default is "https://hmdb.ca/metabolites".
lipid_class
A data frame or list.
x = request_lipidbank_lipid_class(lipid_class = "Wax")
head(x)
#> Id Image
#> 2 1
#> 3 2
#> 4 3
#> 5 4
#> 6 5
#> 7 6
#> COMMON NAME
#> 2 Candelilla wax << Ref. 0006>> / << Ref. 0024>> / << Ref. 0025>> / << Ref. 0026>> / << Ref. 0027>> /<< Ref. 0028>>/ << Ref. 0029>> / << Ref. 0030>> / << Ref. 0031>>
#> 3 Carnauba wax<< Ref. 0007>> / << Ref. 0024>> / << Ref. 0025>> / << Ref. 0030>> / << Ref. 0032>> / << Ref. 0033>> / << Ref. 0034>> / << Ref. 0035>>
#> 4 Rice wax/Rice Bran wax << Ref. 0008>> / << Ref. 0009>> / << Ref. 0010>>
#> 5 Jojoba oil << Ref. 0011>> / << Ref. 0012>> / << Ref. 0036>> / << Ref. 0037>> / << Ref. 0038>>/ << Ref. 0039>> / << Ref. 0040>>
#> 6 Japan wax<< Ref. 0013>> / << Ref. 0024>> / << Ref. 0041>> / << Ref. 0042>> /<< Ref. 0043>>/ << Ref. 0044>> / << Ref. 0045>> / << Ref. 0046>> / << Ref. 0047>>
#> 7 Bees wax<< Ref. 0014>> / << Ref. 0024>>/ << Ref. 0025>> /<< Ref. 0030>> / << Ref. 0048>> / << Ref. 0049>> / << Ref. 0050>> / << Ref. 0051>> / << Ref. 0052>> / << Ref. 0053>> / << Ref. 0054>> / << Ref. 0055>> / << Ref. 0056>>/ << Ref. 0057>> / << Ref. 0058>>
#> NAME DATA No Lipid class INFORMANT SYMBOL FORMULA
#> 2 Candelilla wax WWA1101 Wax Ken-ichi Tomita
#> 3 Carnauba wax WWA1201 Wax Ken-ichi Tomita Mixture
#> 4 Rice wax WWA1301 Wax Ken-ichi Tomita Mixture
#> 5 Jojoba oil WWA1401 Wax Ken-ichi Tomita Mixture
#> 6 Japan wax WWA1501 Wax Ken-ichi Tomita Mixture
#> 7 Bees wax WWA2101 Wax Ken-ichi Tomita Mixture
#> MOL.WT(average) Download cdx file / Mol format file
#> 2 0.000 Download ChemDraw structure data
#> 3 0.000
#> 4 0.000
#> 5 0.000
#> 6 0.000
#> 7 0.000
#> BIOOGICAL ACTIVITY
#> 2 UsesOwing to its high melting point, candelilla wax is used in lipsticks and hair stick to enhance temperature resistance. Apart from cosmetics, it is used in brighteness, finishing agents, electrical insulating agents, waterproofing agents, etc.. It is also added to other waxes to increase hardness.
#> 3 Uses, Carnauba wax is used in lipsticks to raise temperature resistance and give luster and in small amounts in products requiring firmness such as creams, depilatory waxes and deodorant sticks. It is also used in ointment bases, as a lustering agent for tablets and in floor polish.
#> 4 Uses: Currently, rice wax is mainly used for mixing into candies and as a mold releasing agent and lubricating agent for foodstuffs.
#> 5 UsesJojoba oil is very compatible with the skin . It is used in a large number of cosmetics such as milky lotions, creams, lipsticks, foundations, shampoos and rinses.Otherwise, jojoba oil products such as soap, detergents, emulsifiers, surface-active polymers, plasticizers, solid and liquid lubricants, water evaporation retardants, etc..
#> 6 UsesJapan wax is used in pomade,and hair sticks. Apart from cosmetics, it is used in candles, pencils, crayons, as a lustering agents for furnitures.
#> 7 Uses Yellow beeswax and white beeswax have been used as a raw material for cosmetics since long ago. Beeswax is an excellent emulsifying agent when used together with borax and it was used for this purpose before the War because surfactants had not been developed yet. It is currently a major oily raw material for cosmetics. White bees wax is a major raw material for creams but yellow beeswax is not used because it would impart color to creams which have to be pure white. So, it is used mainly for such products as makeup cosmetics and hair stick. The reason that beeswax is used for lipsticks and hair stick is that it makes it is easy to mold them into a stick form, gives a soft feeling to the touch and raises the melting point. It also has a homogenizing and dispersing action on other oils, fats, waxes and coloring materials. Usage Examples: A) Lipstick (Beeswax 29% , Ozocerite 5%, Carnauba wax 5%, Castor oil 30%, Lanolin 5%, Cacao butter 10%, Glyceryl monostearate 3%, Liquid paraffin 5%, Eosin 1%, Lake 7%, Perfume, antioxidant, etc. qs), B) Hair stick (Bees wax 15%, Castor oil 73%, Japan wax 10%, Perfume, antioxidant, etc. 2%)Beeswax is also used in medical products as an ointment bases or in suppositories, as well as in luster agents, for lost wax process and electrotypy. << Ref. 0014>>
#> MELTING POINT
#> 2 Melting point 68-72 C << Ref. 0006>> Melting point mesuring method << Ref. 0001>> Method 2
#> 3 Melting point 80-86C << Ref. 0007>> (Method 2) << Ref. 0001>>
#> 4 Melting point 70-83C << Ref. 0008>>, (Method 2) << Ref. 0001>>
#> 5
#> 6 Melting point 50-53.5C << Ref. 0013>> (Method 2) << Ref. 0001>>
#> 7 Melting point 60-67C << Ref. 0014>> (Method 2) << Ref. 0001>>
#> BOILING POINT
#> 2 Iodine value 10-22 << Ref. 0006>> Iodine value mesuring method << Ref. 0005>> Prepare 30ml of cabon tetrachloride
#> 3 Iodine value 5-14 << Ref. 0007>> Use 30ml of carbon tetrachloride << Ref. 0005>>
#> 4 Iodine value Not more than 20 << Ref. 0008>> Use 30ml of carbon tetrachloride << Ref. 0005>>
#> 5 Iodine Value 80-100 (0.3g) << Ref. 0011>> << Ref. 0005>>
#> 6 Iodine Value 5-8 << Ref. 0013>> << Ref. 0005>>
#> 7
#> DENSITY
#> 2
#> 3
#> 4
#> 5
#> 6 Specific Gravity d20&20 : 0.96-1.00 << Ref. 0013>> (Method 3) << Ref. 0002>>
#> 7
#> REFRACTIVE INDEX
#> 2 Acid Value 14-24 << Ref. 0006>> Acid Value mesuring method << Ref. 0003>> (Method 1. 3g) Use 30ml of xylene and 50ml of ethanol as a solvent,and titrate while warm
#> 3 Acid Value Not more than 10 << Ref. 0007>> Use 30ml of xylene and 50ml of ethanol as solvent,and titrate while warm. (Method 1. 3g) << Ref. 0003>>
#> 4 Acid Value Not more than 13.5 << Ref. 0008>> Use 30ml of xylol and 50ml of ethanol as a solvent, and titrate while warm.(Method 1. 3g) << Ref. 0003>>
#> 5 Acid Value Not more than 5 << Ref. 0011>> (Method 2, 10g) << Ref. 0003>>
#> 6 Acid Value Not more than 30 << Ref. 0013>> (Method 1, 5g) << Ref. 0003>>
#> 7 Acid Value 5-9, 17-22 << Ref. 0014>> Prepare the solvent with 30ml of xylene and 50ml of ethanol,and titrate while warm. (Method 1, 3g) << Ref. 0003>>
#> OPTICAL ROTATION
#> 2 Saponification Value 46-65 << Ref. 0006>> Saponification Value mesuring method << Ref. 0004>> Add 0.5N potassium hydroxide-ethanol, then add 20ml of benzene.
#> 3 Saponification Value 78-95 << Ref. 0007>> Add 0.5N potassium hydroxide-ethanol,then add 20ml of benzene. << Ref. 0004>>
#> 4 Saponification Value 70-160 << Ref. 0008>> Use 20ml of benzol << Ref. 0004>>
#> 5 Saponification Value 80-110 << Ref. 0011>> << Ref. 0004>>
#> 6 Saponification Value 205-225 << Ref. 0013>> << Ref. 0004>>
#> 7 Saponification Value 80-100 << Ref. 0014>> << Ref. 0004>>
#> SOLUBILITY
#> 2 Properties: Candelilla wax is soluble in acetone,benzene and carbon disulfide. It is soluble in petroleum ether, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride when they are hot but only sparingly soluble when they are cold. It is practically insoluble in ether and ethanol when they are cold. << Ref. 0006>>
#> 3 PropertiesCarnauba wax is typical of the hard waxes that have the highest melting points among waxes of plant origin. It is soluble in chloroform,ether and petroleum benzene when hot but sparingly soluble when it is cold. It is sparingly soluble in hot ethanol and practically insoluble in water. Observed infrared absorption is as follows 1730: uc=o, 1605: uc=c, 1460: ucH, -1175: uc-o of ester, 730 and 720: dcH of -(CH2)n- << Ref. 0007>>
#> 4 PropertiesRice wax occurs as light yellow to light brown,flakes or masses. It has a characteristic odor. Soluble in hot xylene, ether and benzene. Insoluble in acetone and methyl alcohol. << Ref. 0008>>
#> 5 Jojoba oil is a colorless to yellow, transparent, oily liquid. It is odorless, or has a faint characteristic odor. << Ref. 0011>>
#> 6 Properties: Japan wax has a pearly luster and is normally in sheet form. It is soluble in chloroform, ether, benzene and carbon disulfide;partially soluble in boiling ethanol, sparingly soluble in cold ethanol and insoluble in water. As Japan wax comes under the fats, it is readily saponified by alkali yielding glycerin with hardly any unsaponifiable matter. << Ref. 0013>>
#> 7 PropertiesBees wax occurs as a yellowish to brownish yellow mass. It has a slightly unusal odor which has hardly any taste. The color of beeswax depends on the plant pollen from which it is made and, like Japanese Pharmacopeia 10, this standard includes colors from yellowish to brownish yellow. Beeswax is a non-crystalline oily solid which is somewhat brittle when cold and its fracture has no luster. Kneading with the fingers softens it and makes it more viscous. Beeswax is soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and vegetable oils,it is sparingly soluble in benzene and carbon disulfide when cold but insoluble in water and mineral oil. << Ref. 0014>>
#> UV SPECTRA
#> 2
#> 3
#> 4
#> 5
#> 6
#> 7
#> IR SPECTRA
#> 2 IR Spectrum [Spectrum 0001] (Ishiwata Katsumi Shiseido Research Center 1997 ) Infrared absorption spectrum measurement operation conditions Equipment: Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer FTS-40 (Biorad Co., Ltd.) Resolution: 8 cm-1, Integration factor: 64, Wave number range: 400cm-1-4000cm-1 , Sample treatment: Potassium bromide tablets or liquid film
#> 3 IR Spectrum [Spectrum 0006] (Ishiwata Katsumi Shiseido Research Center 1997 ) Infrared absorption spectrum measurement operation conditions, Equipment: Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer FTS-40 (Biorad Co., Ltd.), Resolution: 8 cm-1, Integration factor: 64, Wave number range: 400cm-1-4000cm-1 , Sample treatment: Potassium bromide tablets or liquid film
#> 4
#> 5 IR Spectrum [Spectrum 0011] (Ishiwata Katsumi Shiseido Research Center 1997 )Infrared absorption spectrum measurement operation conditionsEquipment: Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer : FTS-40 (Biorad Co., Ltd.) , Resolution: 8 cm-1, Integration factor: 64, Wave number range: 400cm-1-4000cm-1 , Sample treatment: Potassium bromide tablets or liquid film
#> 6 IR Spectrum [Spectrum 0015] (Ishiwata Katsumi Shiseido Research Center 1997 ) Infrared absorption spectrum measurement operation conditions, Equipment: Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer FTS-40 (Biorad Co., Ltd.) , Resolution: 8 cm-1, Integration factor: 64, Wave number range: 400cm-1-4000cm-1 , Sample treatment: Potassium bromide tablets or liquid film
#> 7 IR Spectrum [[SP0021] (Ishiwata Katsumi Shiseido Research Center 1997 )Infrared absorption spectrum measurement operation conditions, Equipment: Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer FTS-40 (Biorad Co., Ltd.), Resolution: 8 cm-1 , Integration factor: 64, Wave number range: 400cm-1-4000cm-1 , Sample treatment: Potassium bromide tablets or liquid film
#> NMR SPECTRA
#> 2 12C-NMR Spectrum [Spectrum 0002] (Nishiya Hiroshi Shiseido Research Center 1993 )12C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry operation conditionsEquipment: JEOL-EX400 (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd. ), Standard substance: Tetramethylsilane (0.00 ppm ), Irradiation mode: 1 H full irradiation, Measurement temperature: 40C, Deuterium solvent: Deuterium chloroform
#> 3 12C-NMR Spectrum [Spectrum 0007] (Nishiya Hiroshi Shiseido Research Center 1993 )12C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: JEOL-EX400 (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd. ), Standard substance: Tetramethylsilane (0.00 ppm ), Irradiation mode: 1 H full irradiation, Measurement temperature: 40C, Deuterium solvent: Deuterium chloroform
#> 4
#> 5 12C-NMR Spectrum [Spectrum 0012] (Nishiya Hiroshi Shiseido Research Center 1993 )12C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: JEOL-EX400 (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd. ), Standard substance: Tetramethylsilane (0.00 ppm ), Irradiation mode: 1H full irradiation, Measurement temperature: 40C, Deuterium solvent: Deuterium chloroform
#> 6 12 C-NMR Spectrum [Spectrum 0016] (Nishiya Hiroshi Shiseido Research Center 1993 )12 C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: JEOL-EX400 (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd. ), Standard substance: Tetramethylsilane (0.00 ppm ), Irradiation mode: 1 H full irradiation, Measurement temperature: 40C, Deuterium solvent: Deuterium chloroform
#> 7 12C-NMR Spectrum [Spectrum 0022] (Nishiya Hiroshi Shiseido Research Center 1993 ) 12C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: JEOL-EX400 (Japan Electronics Co., Ltd. ), Standard substance: Tetramethylsilane (0.00 ppm ), Irradiation mode: 1H full irradiation, Measurement temperature: 40C, Deuterium solvent: Deuterium chloroform
#> MASS SPECTRA
#> 2 GC/MS Spectrum [Spectrum 0003/SP0004/SP0005] (Kanda Kenji Shiseido Research Center 1995 ) Gas chromatograph- mass spectrometry operation conditionsEquipment: Gas chromatograph 5980 (Hewlett Packard ), Mass spectrometer: 5970 (Hewlett Packard )Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. )Internal diameter: 0.25 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.15 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase.Column temperature: maintain at 40C for 3.5 minutes, then raise to 200C at a rate of 10C per minute, and then at 20C per minute up to 350 C. Maintain at this temperature for 20 minutes and then raise to 400 C at a rate of 50 C per minute.Injection temperature: 320C, Carrier gas: He, Mass range: 40-800, Split ratio: 1: 40, Sample treatment: add 100 ml N,O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide to test sample( around 5mg ) and heat at 100C for 10 minutes, cool and make up to 1.5ml with n-hexane.
#> 3 GC/MS Spectrum [Spectrum 0008/SP0009/SP0010] (Kanda Kenji Shiseido Research Center 1995 )Gas chromatograph- mass spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 5980 (Hewlett Packard ), Mass spectrometer: 5970 (Hewlett Packard )Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.25 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.15 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase. Column temperature: maintain at 40C for 3.5 minutes, then raise to 200C at a rate of 10C per minute, and then at 20C per minute up to 350 C. Maintain at this temperature for 20 minutes and then raise to 400 C at a rate of 50 C per minute. Injection temperature: 320C , Carrier gas: He, Mass range: 40-800, Split ratio: 1: 40, Sample treatment: add 100 ml N,O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide to test sample( around 5mg ) and heat at 100C for 10 minutes, cool and make up to 1.5ml with n-hexane.
#> 4
#> 5 GC/MS Spectrum [Spectrum 0013/SP0014] (Kanda Kenji , Shiseido Research Center 1995 )Gas chromatograph- mass spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 5980 (Hewlett Packard ), Mass spectrometer: 5970 (Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.25 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.15 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 40C for 3.5 minutes, then raise to 200C at a rate of 10C per minute, and then at 20C per minute up to 350 C. Maintain at this temperature for 20 minutes and then raise to 400 C at a rate of 50 C per minute. Injection temperature: 320C, Carrier gas: He, Mass range: 40-800, Split ratio: 1: 40, Sample treatment: add 100 ml N,O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide to test sample( around 5mg ) and heat at 100C for 10 minutes, cool and make up to 1.5ml with n-hexane.
#> 6 GC/MS Spectrum [Spectrum 0017 / SP0018 / SP0019 / SP0020] (Kanda Kenji Shiseido Research Center 1995 )Gas chromatograph- mass spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 5980 (Hewlett Packard ), Mass spectrometer: 5970 (Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.25 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.15 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 40C for 3.5 minutes, then raise to 200C at a rate of 10C per minute, and then at 20C per minute up to 350 C. Maintain at this temperature for 20 minutes and then raise to 400 C at a rate of 50 C per minute. Injection temperature: 320C, Carrier gas: He, Mass range: 40-800, Split ratio: 1: 40, Sample treatment: add 100 ml N,O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide to test sample( around 5mg ) and heat at 100C for 10 minutes, cool and make up to 1.5ml with n-hexane.
#> 7 GC/MS Spectrum [Spectrum 0023/SP0024/SP0025/SP0026/SP0027/SP0028] (Kanda Kenji Shiseido Research Center 1995 ) Gas chromatograph- mass spectrometry operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 5980 (Hewlett Packard ), Mass spectrometer: 5970 (Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.25 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.15 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 40C for 3.5 minutes, then raise to 200C at a rate of 10C per minute, and then at 20C per minute up to 350 C. Maintain at this temperature for 20 minutes and then raise to 400 C at a rate of 50 C per minute. Injection temperature: 320C , Carrier gas: He, Mass range: 40-800, Split ratio: 1: 40, Sample treatment: add 100 ml N,O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide to test sample( around 5mg ) and heat at 100C for 10 minutes, cool and make up to 1.5ml with n-hexane.
#> OTHER SPECTRA
#> 2
#> 3
#> 4
#> 5
#> 6
#> 7
#> CHROMATOGRAM DATA
#> 2 Gas chromatography [Chromatogram 0001/CH0002] (Nakahara Kazuyoshi Shiseido Research Center 1997 ) Gas chromatography operation conditions Equipment: Gas chromatograph 6980 ( Hewlett Packard )Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ) Internal diameter: 0.50 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.50 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase Column temperature: maintain at 60 C for 2 minutes, then raise to 370 C at a rate of 20 C per minute and maintain at this temperature for 12.5 minutes, Detector: FID, 380 C, Injection temperature: 370 C, Injection volume: 1 ml, Carrier gas: He, 33 kpa, 10ml/min. (at 40 C ), Splitless: purge start time 2 min. Sample solution: 1 % isopentane/ pyridine ( 9:1 ) solution or 1 % isopentane solution
#> 3 Gas chromatography [Chromatogram 0003/CH0004] (Nakahara Kazuyoshi Shiseido Research Center 1997 )Gas chromatography operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 6980 ( Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.50 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.50 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 60 C for 2 minutes, then raise to 370 C at a rate of 20 C per minute and maintainat this temperature for 12.5 minutes, Detector: FID, 380 C, Injection temperature: 370 C, Injection volume: 1 ml, Carrier gas: He, 33 kpa, 10ml/min. (at 40 C ), Splitless: purge start time 2 min. Sample solution: 1 % isopentane/ pyridine ( 9:1 ) solution or 1 % isopentane solution
#> 4
#> 5 Gas chromatography [Chromatogram 0005 / CH0006] (Nakahara Kazuyoshi Shiseido Research Center 1997 )Gas chromatography operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 6980 ( Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.50 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.50 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 60 C for 2 minutes, then raise to 370 C at a rate of 20 C per minute and maintain at this temperature for 12.5 minutes, Detector: FID, 380 C, Injection temperature: 370 C, Injection volume: 1 ml, Carrier gas: He, 33 kpa, 10ml/min. (at 40 C ), Splitless: purge start time 2 min. Sample solution: 1 % isopentane/ pyridine ( 9:1 ) solution or 1 % isopentane solution .
#> 6 Gas chromatography [Chromatogram 0007/CH0008] (Nakahara Kazuyoshi Shiseido Research Center 1997 )Gas chromatography operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 6980 ( Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.50 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.50 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 60 C for 2 minutes, then raise to 370 C at a rate of 20 C per minute and maintain at this temperature for 12.5 minutes, Detector: FID, 380 C, Injection temperature: 370 C, Injection volume: 1 ml, Carrier gas: He, 33 kpa, 10ml/min. (at 40 C ), Splitless: purge start time 2 min. Sample solution: 1 % isopentane/ pyridine ( 9:1 ) solution or 1 % isopentane solution .
#> 7 Gaschromatography [Chromatogram 0009/CH0010] (Nakahara Kazuyoshi Shiseido Research Center 1997 ) Gas chromatography operation conditions, Equipment: Gas chromatograph 6980 ( Hewlett Packard ), Column: ULTRA ALLOY plus-1 ( HT ) ( Frontier Laboratories Ltd. ), Internal diameter: 0.50 mm, gas chromatograph capillary column joined to a 15 m long metal tube to produce a 0.50 mm thick film of dimethyl silicone as the liquid phase, Column temperature: maintain at 60 C for 2 minutes, then raise to 370 C at a rate of 20 C per minute and maintain at this temperature for 12.5 minutes , Detector: FID, 380 C, Injection temperature: 370 C, Injection volume: 1 ml, Carrier gas: He, 33 kpa, 10ml/min. (at 40 C ), Splitless: purge start time 2 min. Sample solution: 1 % isopentane/ pyridine ( 9:1 ) solution or 1 % isopentane solution .
#> SOURCE
#> 2 OriginCandelilla wax is a hard lustrous wax extracted from the outer cover of the candelillaplant (Euphorbiaceae). In the wild state, the candelilla plant is limited to nerthwest Mexico and southern Texas in the United States. Reaching as high as 45C in summer and as low as -20C in winter, the seasonal temperature variation in these areas is extreme and they are very arid with little rainfall. To protect itself from such harsh conditions, the candelilla plant secretes a sap with which it covers itself. Candelilla wax is 45% hydrocabons(Hentriacontane, Tritriacontane, etc.) ,29% esters (Sitosterol, Dihydroxymiricinoleic acid, etc.) and 26% free alcohols (Myricyl alcohol, etc.),free fatty acids, lactone and resins. << Ref. 0006>> A method of manufactureThe candelilla wax plants are harvested almost all year round. The cut plants are dried in the sun and sent to a neaeby extraction plant to extract the wax . The raw wax thus obtained is dull gray in color and is called Cerote. The cerote is then sent to a modern refining facility. << Ref. 0006>>
#> 3 OriginThe carnauba palm is a forest tree found in South America, particularly in northern Brazil. It grows naturally or is cultivated and reaches around 10 m in height. The leaves are fan-shaped and the wax is secreted on their surface, especially the under surface. This material consists of wax acid esters, the major component, and the other constituents listed below. << Ref. 0007>>Alkyl Esters of Wax Acids 84-85% , (Simple esters of normal acids 5-6% , Acid esters C18-C30 5-6%, Diesters, 19-21%, Esters of hydroxylated acids, 53-55%), Free Wax Acids 3-3.5%, Lactides 2-3%, Free and Combined Polyhydric and Oxy-Alcohols 2-3%, Resins (alcohol soluble) 4-6% , Hydrocarbons 1.5-3%, Moisture and Mineral Matter 0.5-1%A method of manufactureThe leaves are harvested between October and February and dried in the sun for several days. The wax, which forms a powder on the leaf surface, is knocked off and put into hot water. This is then filtered and the molten wax is cooled to harden. Normally, 100 leaves yield 500 g of wax.<< Ref. 0007>>
#> 4 ORIGINRice oil commercially produced from the offal in the milling of rice may be dewaxed before refining with acid and alkali- by the use of a DeLaval separator and basket centrifuge. The oil can also be dewaxed by the use of evacuated, unglazed pocelain cylinders covered with a filter cloth. A good yield is obtained at 20-25 C with suction at 50 mm Hg pressure. The crude wax containing glycerides may be separated from crude rice oil by wintering at 20-25 C, and then treated with a solvent such as 5per cent methanol in commercial n-hexane, to effect a sharp separation of soluble and insoluble parts. Without the use of solvent the wax from the tank settlings cannot be effectively separated by filtration methods. << Ref. 0009>>The principle constituents of rice wax ae esters of higher fatty acids and higher alcohols. It also contains unsaponifiable matter, a small amount of free fatty acid and some hydrocarbons.a) Esters: In the caseof rice bran wax, the major fatty acids forming esters are behenic acid (C22) and lignoceric acid (C24) whereas, in the case of rice wax, they are palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18). In both b) Unsaponifiable matter: Rice wax contains 40-60% unsaponifiable matter. ( Myricyl alcohol 45%, Ceryl alcohol 22%, Isoceryl alcohol 10% and unidentifiable matter 20%) c) Free fatty acid : Rice wax contains around 4-7% of free fatty acids of which the main ones are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid and stearic acid. A method of manufacture: Rice wax is obtained by refining the crude wax obtained from the dewaxing or wintering process during the refining of rice bran oil extracted from rice bran. Continued to Metabolism
#> 5 OriginJojoba wax, or jojoba oil, derived from the coffee-bean-like seed of jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis( var. Californica ), or Simmondsia californica Nuttall ( Buxus chinensis Link ), of the family order Buxaceae. The jojoba, or simmondsia, is a wooden evergreen shrub, a few feet in height, which grows in abundance on rocky hillsides in Arizona, near Tucson or elsewhere, and in western Mexico. Presently in the United States and Mexico, Plantations are actively producing jojoba beans. << Ref. 0012>> Jojoba oil consists chiefly of unsaturated higher fatty acid and unsaturated higheralcohol. (Carbon No. 38-44) Main component is Dococenyl-eicosenoate (C42) and it's chemical structure is CH3( CH2)7CH=CH ( CH2)9COO ( CH2)12CH=CH (CH2)7CH3 (37%)A method of manufacture The seeds on pressing yield an oil which in some respects is not unlike sperm oil. The peculiar composition of jojoba oil, since it contains no glycerides, places it in a category of liquid waxes. It is composed almost entirely of high molecular weight monoethylenic acids and alcohols combined as esters. It is more convenient to operate by solvent extraction, preferably using light petroleum solvent, extracting thenuts after they have been ground. The solvent is then distilled off, and a residual oil of a slightly yellowish color is obtained. << Ref. 0012>>
#> 6 Origin:Japan wax is produced by bleaching the fat from the mesocarp of the fruit of the wax tree a member of the lacquer tree species ( Anacardiaceae ). It is bleached in the sun or by some other means. Although this substance chemically different from ordinary waxes because it is produced from a fat, it is still commonly referred to as Japan wax. The Japanese lacquer tree also contains Japan wax. Japan wax was first used as a raw material for ' BINTSUKE', a hair-grooming preparation peculiar to Japan and since the end of Meiji period (1868-1912), ithas been used in haircare cosmetics such as pomades and hair stick. The principal constituents are glycerides of palmitic acid which account for 76-82% of Japan wax. It also contains glycerides of stearic acid (4-6%), glycerides of japanic acid (C21),tricosanedioic acid (C23), etc. (3-6.5%), free acid as palmitic acid, oleic acid, pelargonic acid, etc. (3.7-5.6%) and arachic, ceryl and myricyl alcohol as free alcohol (1.2-1.6%). << Ref. 0013>> A method of manufacture:The wax tree grows wild in large numbers in warm areas of Japan and there are many in the Kyushu area. The fruit are collected between November and February and the wax is extracted from them and refined. The wax is usually extracted by the compression method and the sun's ray, adsorbents or chemical agents are used to decolorize and bleach it. Adsorbents are used in different ways. For example, an adsorbent such as activated charcoal or acid clay is added directly to molten crude wax andthen the adsorbent is separated by filtration ; the crude wax is dissolved in a solvent suchas benzene, an adsorbent is added and after heating and mixing and filtration,the solvent is distilled off; or theprocss is done by chromatography. The following example illustrates how the wax is produced. The fruit obtained from the wax tree are dried and broken into small pieces and steam ispassed through them. Continued to Metabolism
#> 7 Origin Beeswax is made by honey bees ( Apidae). It is secreted by glands in the abdomen of worker bees and used to make the honeycombs of the hive. This material is produced by refining wax from the honeycomb. There are many species of noney bee but the main ones are the European honey bee and the Oriental honey bee. Honey and wax are taken from them in many defferent countries. The European honey bee is widely kept in Europe, Africa, North America and many other parts of the world; it has been kept in Japan since its introduction in the Meiji Period (1868-1912 ). The Oriental honey bee is kept i n China, India and such Southeast Asian countries as Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar. The special feature of the wax produced by them is its low acid value. In addition to the imported European honey bee, the indigenous species Apis indica var japonica radoszkowski is also kept in Japan but the amount of wax produced from it is not very large. Beeswax was already used as a cold cream in ancient Egypt 4,000 years ago and afterwards its useexpanded as a raw material for cosmetics, medicines, abrasives and so forth. It is now one of the major raw materials used in cosmetics. Though the compositions of Oriental beeswax and European beeswax are a little different, the main components of both are esters of higher fatty acids and higher monohydric alcohols, and they also include free fatty acids, hydrocarbons and other substances.The special features of Oriental beeswax are that it contains glycerides which are not found in European beeswax, it has a large numberof lower alcohols of below C30 and there is only a small amount of free acid. Continued to Metabolism
#> CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
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#> METABOLISM
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#> 4 In the refining process, the gummy mater and phospholipids that the crude wax normally contains are removed and it is decolorized and deodorized. Rice wax can be broadly divided into two types, one of which is obtained by deoiling the crude wax oil and the other by hydrogenation of the crude wax oil or the oil produced in the wintering process. A.H. Warth has distinguished between them by calling the former rice bran wax and the latter hydrogenated rice wax, or simply rice wax. Naturally enough, the properties of the rice wax obtained by hydrogenating the wax oil vary depending on the proportion of rice bran oil in the wax and degree of hydrogenation. << Ref. 0010>>
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#> 6 The oils and fats in the fruit are melted and removed by the steam so crude wax can be obtained through cooling and solidification. The yield is around 15% . For decolorization , the following method is often used. First, decolorizing charcoal and water areadded to the crude wax and this is thoroughly boiled. The molten wax is pouredinto cold water to form ""wax flowers""which are collected and exposed to sunlight for 20 days. If necessary, moredecolorizing charcoal and water are added to the wax flowers and they are melted and cooled to producemore waxflowers and the sun bleaching process is repeated. There is also chemical processes; one of them uses hydrogen peroxide. Wax bleached in this way is melted in water, washed in water and then solidified and dried to produce Japan wax. << Ref. 0013>>
#> 7 Oriental beeswax: Ester of monohydric alcohols 78-80% [ Ceryl palmitate (18-20% ), Ceryl -16-hydroxy palmitate (57-58% ), Ceryl-7-hydroxy palmitate (4% )], Glyceride 4% (Saturated and unsaturated glycerides of C14, C16 and C18 acids), Cholesteryl palmitate below 1%, Free wax acid 5-6% (Cerotic acid, Melissic acid, Lacceroic acid, Geddic acid), Hydrocarbone 8-9% (Heptacosane, Nonacosane, Hentriacontane, Melene). European beeswax: Ester of wax acids 71% (Myricyl palmitate, Laceryl palmitate, Myricyl cerotate, Myricyl hypogaeate, Ceryl hydroxy palmitate, Acid esters, Diesters, Acid diesters, Triesters, Hydroxy diesters), Cholesteryl esters of fatty acids 1% (Cholesteryl isovalerate), Free wax acid 13.5-14.5% [Normal acid: Saturated (Lignoceric acid, Cerotic acid, Montanic acid, Melissic acid, Psyllic acid), Unsaturated ( Hypogaeic acid)] , Hydrocarbones 10.5-13.5% [Saturated ( Pentacosane, Heptacosane, Nonacosane, Hentriacontane), Unsaturated (Melene)] << Ref. 0014>> Continued to Genetic Information
#> GENETIC INFORMATION
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#> 7 A Method of manufacture: The honeycomb is broken up and centrifuged to remove the honey. Hot water is then poured in and the raw wax mejts and floats to the surface. This is usually filtered hot and a heat-insulated filter press is used. When the wax has been filtered and foreign matter removed, it is poured into molds for forming. If the raw wax is not filtered, it is washed repeatedly in the molten state by adding hot water which removes the various foreign matter. It is then poured into molds or left to harden as it is. Foreign matter settles to the bottom in this case so it is removed by cutting off the bottom. << Ref. 0014>>
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#> REFERENCES
#> 2 << Ref.0001 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp522-524, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0003 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp479-480, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0004 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp592, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0005 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp503-504, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0006 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (Annotation) I (1984) pp316-317, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0024 >> AUTHOR: Tsuji, S., Tonogai, Y., Ito, Y., and Harada, M. TITLE: General analysis of various natural waxes in cosmetics JOURNAL: J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jap. VOLUME: 192 PAGE: 79 -89 (1985)<< Ref.0025 >> AUTHOR: Matsumoto Isao, Ohta Tadao,Takamatsu Tasuku, and Nakano Motokiyo TITLE: Systematic analysis of natural raw waxes( carnauba wax, candelilla wax and bees wax) and pattern-analysis of carbon chain length of their components JOURNAL: Nippon Kagaku Kaishi VOLUME: 5 PAGE: 951 -957 (1972)<< Ref.0026 >> AUTHOR: Tulloch, A. P. TITLE: Comparison of some commercial waxes by gas liquid chromatography JOURNAL: J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., VOLUME: 50 PAGE: 367 -371 (1973)<< Ref.0027 >> AUTHOR: Jasefina C. Morales und Gustavo Torres E., TITLE: Chromatographishe untersuchung des harzanteils im Candelilla-wachs JOURNAL: Seifen-öle-Fette-Wachse VOLUME: 99 PAGE: 17 -22 (1973)<< Ref.0028 >> AUTHOR: Marquez, L. C., Capella, S., and Manjarrez, A. TITLE: Study of candelilla wax as a partition liquid for gas phase chromatography JOURNAL: Rev. Soc. Quim. Mex. VOLUME: 212 PAGE: 50 -55 (1977)<< Ref.0029 >> AUTHOR: Ashraf-Khorassani M, Taylor L T TITLE: Analysis of crude, purified, and synthetic candelilla wax using supercritical fluids. JOURNAL: Liq. Chromatogr. Gas chromatogr. VOLUME: 84 PAGE: 314 -320 (1990)<< Ref.0030 >> AUTHOR: Brossard S, Lafosse M, and Dreux M TITLE: Analyse par CPG et CPS de cires naturelles. JOURNAL: Parfums Cosmet Aromes VOLUME: 117 PAGE: 48 -53 (1994)<< Ref.0031 >> AUTHOR: Kuehn, G., Weidner, ST., Just, U., and Hohner, G. TITLE: Characterization of technical waxes. Comparison of chromatographic techniques and matrix-assisted laser- desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL: J. Chromatogr., VOLUME: 7321 PAGE: 111 -117 (1996)
#> 3 << Ref.0001 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp522-524, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0003 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp479-480, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0004 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp592, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0005 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp503-504, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0007 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (Annotation) I (1984) pp270-271, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0024 >> AUTHOR: Tsuji, S., Tonogai, Y., Ito, Y., and Harada, M. TITLE: General analysis of various natural waxes in cosmetics JOURNAL: J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jap. VOLUME: 192 PAGE: 79 -89 (1985)<< Ref.0025 >> AUTHOR: Matsumoto Isao, Ohta Tadao,Takamatsu Tasuku, and Nakano Motokiyo TITLE: Systematic analysis of natural raw waxes( carnauba wax, candelilla wax and bees wax) and pattern-analysis of carbon chain length of their components JOURNAL: Nippon Kagaku Kaishi VOLUME: 5 PAGE: 951 -957 (1972)<< Ref.0030 >> AUTHOR: Brossard S, Lafosse M, and Dreux M TITLE: Analyse par CPG et CPS de cires naturelles. JOURNAL: Parfums Cosmet Aromes VOLUME: 117 PAGE: 48 -53 (1994)<< Ref.0032 >> AUTHOR: Rowland, I. R., Butterworth, K. R., Gaunt, I. F., Grasso, P., and Gangolli, S. D. TITLE: Short-term toxicity study of carnauba was in rats PubMed ID:6890026 JOURNAL: Food Chem Toxicol. VOLUME: 20 PAGE: 467-471(1982)<< Ref.0033 >> AUTHOR: Parent, R. A., Re, T. A., Babish, J. G., Cox, G. E., Voss, K. A., and Becci, P. J. TITLE: Reproduction and subchronic feeding study of carnauba wax in rats PubMed ID:6681798 JOURNAL: Food Chem Toxicol. VOLUME: 21 PAGE: 89-93(1983)<< Ref.0034 >> AUTHOR: Langeloh, G., Petz, M., and Schulte, E. TITLE: Detection of shellac and carnauba wax on apples by gas chromatography JOURNAL: Dtsch. Lebensm.-Rundsch VOLUME: 861 PAGE: 4 -6 (1990)<< Ref.0035 >> AUTHOR: Ito Seisuke, Suzuki Takashi, and Fujino Yasuhiko TITLE: Wax lipid in Rice Bran JOURNAL: Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi VOLUME: 553 PAGE: 247 -253 (1981)
#> 4 << Ref.0001 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp522-524, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0003 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp479-480, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0004 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp592, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0005 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp503-504, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0008 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Cosmetic Ingredients Codex (1993) pp739-740, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0009 >> AUTHOR: Albin, H., Warth,The Chemistry and Technology of wax Second Edition (1956) pp237, Reinhold Publishing Corporation New York Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0010 >> AUTHOR: Fusegawa Kenzou (Supervision), The properties and application of waxes, pp10-21, Saiwai Shobo TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()
#> 5 << Ref.0003 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp479-480, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0004 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp592, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0005 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp503-504, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0011 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Cosmetic Ingredients Codex (1993) pp417, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0012 >> AUTHOR: Albin, H., Warth, The chemistry and Technology of wax Second Edition (1956) pp302-303, Reinhold Publishing Corporation New York Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0036 >> AUTHOR: Miwa, Thomas K. TITLE: Recent chemical research on jojoba and its uses. JOURNAL: J. Jap. Oil Chemist's Soc., VOLUME: 27 PAGE: 650 -658 (1978)<< Ref.0037 >> AUTHOR: Hirose Takeo TITLE: Present and future of jojoba wax JOURNAL: Fragrance journal VOLUME: 21 PAGE: 10 -15 (1976)<< Ref.0038 >> AUTHOR: Moriyoshi Keiko et al TITLE: Composition of jojoba oil JOURNAL: Zeikan Chuo Bunseki Shoho VOLUME: 28 PAGE: 43 -48 (1988)<< Ref.0039 >> AUTHOR: Landis, P. S, Craver, R .H .SR TITLE: Solubility of jojoba oil in organic solvents JOURNAL: J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., VOLUME: 61 PAGE: 1879 -1880 (1984)<< Ref.0040 >> AUTHOR: Spencer, G. F, Plattner, R.D, TITLE: Compositional analysis of natural wax ester mixtures by Tandem mass spectrometry JOURNAL: J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., VOLUME: 611 PAGE: 90 -94 (1984)
#> 6 << Ref.0001 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp522-524, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0002 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients. Second Edition (1985) pp594-596, YAKUJI NIPPO, Ltd. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0003 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp479-480, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0004 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp592, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0005 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp503-504, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0013 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (Annotation ) I (1984) pp1175-1178, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0024 >> AUTHOR: Tsuji, S., Tonogai, Y., Ito, Y., and Harada, M. TITLE: General analysis of various natural waxes in cosmetics JOURNAL: J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jap. VOLUME: 192 PAGE: 79 -89 (1985)<< Ref.0041 >> AUTHOR: Tsujimoto, M., TITLE: Japan wax, Japanese lacquer (urushi) wax JOURNAL: J. Soc. Chem., Ind. (Japan) VOLUME: 14 PAGE: 321 -360 (1911)<< Ref.0042 >> AUTHOR: Tsujimoto, M., TITLE: On the fatty acids of Japan wax JOURNAL: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan VOLUME: 10 PAGE: 212 -219 (1935)<< Ref.0043 >> AUTHOR: Sano, Y., Aikawa, D., and Murase, K., TITLE: Studies on the Japan wax by gas-liquid chromatography using a hydrogen flameionization detector JOURNAL: J.Japan Oil Chemist's Soc. VOLUME: 136 PAGE: 324 -328 (1964)<< Ref.0044 >> AUTHOR: Meguro S., Kawachi S., TITLE: Some physical properties of haze wax correlated with major fatty acids JOURNAL: J. Jap. Wood Research Soc. VOLUME: 358 PAGE: 754 -760 (1989)<< Ref.0045 >> AUTHOR: Meguro S., Kawachi S. TITLE: Major fatty acid contents of haze wax.Changes during the growth and storage periods of haze seeds. JOURNAL: J. Jap. Wood Research Soc. VOLUME: 362 PAGE: 133 -138 (1990)<< Ref.0046 >> AUTHOR: Schaal, Richard TITLE: Über hochschmelzende Säuren des Japan wachses, insondere über Nonadecamethylen-dicarbonsäure. JOURNAL: Ber., VOLUME: 40 PAGE: 4784 -4788 (1907)<< Ref.0047 >> AUTHOR: Tassilly, M. E., TITLE: Alcoolyse de la cire du Japon: JOURNAL: Bull. Soc. Chim. VOLUME: 9 PAGE: 608 -615 (1911)
#> 7 << Ref.0001 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp522-524, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0003 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp479-480, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0004 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (1985) pp592, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0014 >> AUTHOR: The Japanese Standards of Cosmetic Ingredients Second Edition (Annotation) I (1984)pp1108-1112, YAKUJI NIPPO, LTD. TITLE: JOURNAL: VOLUME: PAGE: - ()<< Ref.0024 >> AUTHOR: Tsuji, S., Tonogai, Y., Ito, Y., and Harada, M. TITLE: General analysis of various natural waxes in cosmetics JOURNAL: J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jap. VOLUME: 192 PAGE: 79 -89 (1985)<< Ref.0025 >> AUTHOR: Matsumoto Isao, Ohta Tadao,Takamatsu Tasuku, and Nakano Motokiyo TITLE: Systematic analysis of natural raw waxes( carnauba wax, candelilla wax and bees wax) and pattern-analysis of carbon chain length of their components JOURNAL: Nippon Kagaku Kaishi VOLUME: 5 PAGE: 951 -957 (1972)<< Ref.0030 >> AUTHOR: Brossard S, Lafosse M, and Dreux M TITLE: Analyse par CPG et CPS de cires naturelles. JOURNAL: Parfums Cosmet Aromes VOLUME: 117 PAGE: 48 -53 (1994)<< Ref.0048 >> AUTHOR: Ikuta K. TITLE: Research of Japanese bees wax (No-1) JOURNAL: Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi VOLUME: 33 PAGE: 1313 -1318 (1930)<< Ref.0049 >> AUTHOR: Brueschweiler. H., Felber, Helene, Schwager, F TITLE: Bees wax-composition and determination of purity by gas chromatographic analysis JOURNAL: Fett Wiss. Technol. VOLUME: 912 PAGE: 73 -79 (1989)<< Ref.0050 >> AUTHOR: Tulloch, A. P., Hoffman, L. L. TITLE: Canadian bees wax. Analytical values and composition of hydrocarbons, free acids, and long chain esters. JOURNAL: J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. VOLUME: 4912 PAGE: 696 -699 (1972)<< Ref.0051 >> AUTHOR: Markham K. R, Mitchell K. A TITLE: HPLC and GC-MS identification of the major organic constituents in New Zealand propolis JOURNAL: Phytochemistry VOLUME: 421 PAGE: 205 -211 (1996)<< Ref.0052 >> AUTHOR: Beverly M. B, Kay P. T, and Voorhees K. J TITLE: Principal component analysis of the pyrolysis-mass spectra from African, Africanized hybrid, and European bees wax. JOURNAL: J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis VOLUME: 342 PAGE: 251 -263 (1995)<< Ref.0053 >> AUTHOR: Greenaway W, May J, Scaysbrook T, and Whatle Y F R TITLE: Identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 150 compounds in propolis. JOURNAL: Z. Naturforsch Sect C VOLUME: 46 PAGE: 111 -121 (1991)<< Ref.0054 >> AUTHOR: Puleo S. L, TITLE: Bees wax minor components : A new approach JOURNAL: Cosmet. & Toiletries VOLUME: 1062 PAGE: 83 -89 (1991)<< Ref.0055 >> AUTHOR: Brueschweiler H, Felber H, Schwager F TITLE: Bienewachs- Zusammensetzung und Beurteilung der Reinheit durch gas chromatographische Analyse JOURNAL: Fett Wiss Technol VOLUME: 912 PAGE: 73 -79 (1989)<< Ref.0056 >> AUTHOR: Schulten H. R TITLE: Natural waxes investigated by soft ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL: Z. Naturforsch. Sect. C VOLUME: 423 PAGE: 178 -190 (1987)<< Ref.0057 >> AUTHOR: Hillman, D. E TITLE: Characterization and analysis of waxes by gel permeation chromatography JOURNAL: Anal. Chem. VOLUME: 438 PAGE: 1007 -1013 (1971)<< Ref.0058 >> AUTHOR: Hawthorne, Steven B., Miller, David J TITLE: Analysis of commercial waxes using capillary supercritical fluid chromatography-massspectrometry JOURNAL: J. Chromatogr. VOLUME: 3882 PAGE: 397 -409 (1987)